Adrenal glands are located above the kidneys on each side and they have two distinct areas in same capsule and secrete different hormones. The cortex secretes Aldosterone ( regulates blood pressure and electrolytes), cortisol ( stress hormone) and sex hormones ( mostly androgens) and the medulla works as a specialized sympathetic organ and secrets catecholamines. 

Adrenal gland abnormalities are classified as:

Adrenal mass

a) Benign nonfunctional adenoma; majority of adrenal gland mass are incidentalomas which are usually benign and harmless, unless they are very large in size.

b) Secretory adrenal lesions;

• Hyperaldosteronism, as the result of high aldosterone secretion, usually presents with hypertension and low potassium levels.
• Cushing’s Syndrome, as the result of hyper-secretion of cortisol, presents with central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, round face, loss of muscle mass, fatigue, …
• Pheochromocytoma, as the result of hyper-secretion of catecholamines; may presents with spells of hypertension crisis, severe anxiety, palpitation, looking pale,….
  

c) Cancerous tumors

• Primary cancer, rare
• Metastatic cancer with origin from another organ

Adrenal insufficiency

• Primary: majority of adrenal insufficiencies are due to autoimmune condition and is called Addison disease. usually presents with fatigue, electrolyte abnormalities and hyper-pigmentation, hypotension, nausea and vomiting and abdominal discomfort,...
• Secondary: due to pituitary pathology and lack of adrenocorticotropin which regulate adrenal cortisol secretion. the symptoms are similar to primary adrenal insufficiency but hyper-pigmentation is not present. 
  

Majority of adrenal pathologies are rare clinical conditions and they need detailed stepwise endocrinology work up for diagnosis and treatment plan.